L’eau est essentielle pour les oiseaux. D’abord pour s’hydrater, mais également pour se baigner.
La baignade permet à l’oiseau de préserver le parfait état de son plumage, dont le rôle est déterminant pour le vol et la thermorégulation. Même au cœur de l’hiver, les oiseaux ont besoin de se baigner, car si le plumage n’est pas parfaitement entretenu, il ne pourra plus assumer sa fonction de barrière thermique.
Les oiseaux aiment donc se baigner toute l’année. En se baignant, les oiseaux ne s’immergent pas complètement ; ceci pourrait détremper leurs plumes, ce qui les mettrait en danger face à un prédateur et au temps froid. Ils aspergent leur plumage en se secouant, en hérissant leurs plumes et en ébouriffant leurs ailes. En procédant ainsi, ils se mouillent superficiellement sans détremper complètement leur plumage. L’été un bain permet de les rafraîchir lorsqu’il fait très chaud. C’est pourquoi il est nécessaire d’installer une piscine pour oiseaux dans un refuge, s’il n’y a pas à proximité des sources d’eau naturelle que les oiseaux peuvent utiliser.
À l’instar d’autres oiseaux, les hirondelles et les martinets adorent se baigner sous la pluie ou même traverser les jets d’eau des dispositifs d’arrosage. Toutefois, ils éviteront de prolonger la séance, car la douche doit servir à humecter et non à détremper le plumage. Les fauvettes et quelques autres oiseaux se baignent en passant dans les feuillages mouillés.
Chez les oiseaux, la baignade est une activité hautement ritualisée. Le plumage est d’abord humecté, sans être détrempé. S’il est pris dans une averse, l’oiseau rentre la tête dans les épaules et se redresse sur ses pattes, de sorte que l’eau puisse s’évacuer rapidement. Ensuite, il s’ébouriffe avant de procéder à la toilette proprement dite. L’oiseau replie la queue sur le côté afin de pouvoir recueillir l’huile grasse sécrétée par la glande uropygienne qui se trouve sur le croupion. Il étale soigneusement ce liquide gras sur l’ensemble de ses plumes. La toilette de la tête est assurée par les pattes. Après la lubrification, l’oiseau se détend en lissant ses plumes. C’est le stade final du rituel. Il mordille les plumes, une à une, avant de les remettre en place. Ensuite, il s’étire et se repose quelques instants, fier du travail accompli. Les spécialistes ne sont pas d’accord sur la finalité de ces bains, car il ne semble pas qu’ils servent principalement à nettoyer le plumage. Il se peut que la sécrétion uropygienne se répande mieux sur des plumes mouillées. Des expériences ont montré que les plumes humides sont plus souples ; un bain faciliterait donc leur lissage.
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