Lors de diverses expéditions sur les îles Shetland du Sud, en Antarctique, des chercheurs du Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Madrid ont relevé une baisse inquiétante de la population de manchots à jugulaire. Selon les données récoltées au cours du temps le nombre de ces oiseaux aurait diminué de plus d’un tiers en 20 ans. Les manchots à jugulaire se font de plus en plus rares sur les îles Shetland du Sud, en Antarctique. Une équipe de chercheurs du Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Madrid a ainsi entrepris diverses expéditions sur l’archipel au cours des deux dernières décennies. L’occasion idéale pour mettre en exergue sur ce laps de temps l’évolution de la population de ces volatiles. L’étude a consisté à marquer, compter et prélever des échantillons d’ADN de manchots durant les saisons de nidification. Grâce à ce protocole et en comptant le nombre de poussin les années suivantes, les scientifiques ont pu également évaluer le succès de reproduction des oiseaux. Les résultats, parus dans la revue Polar Biology, montrent une baisse inquiétante du nombre de manchots sur l’archipel de plus d’un tiers au cours des 20 dernières années. Selon les chercheurs, ce déclin est en grande partie liée à la disparition du krill de l’Antarctique, base alimentaire des oiseaux. Cette petite crevette d’environ 6 centimètres de long est considérée comme l’une des espèces la plus abondante de la planète. Toutefois, le réchauffement des eaux et la disparition progressive de la banquise, amènent d’avantage de baleines et de phoques consommer le Krill dans les eaux polaires rivalisant avec les populations endémiques. Privés d’une partie de leurs ressources alimentaires, les manchots à jugulaire ont de grandes difficultés à affronter la rude période hivernale. Les jeunes, se développent difficilement et se retrouvent impuissants lors de la saison de reproduction. Malgré ce tableau alarmant, les chercheurs se montrent assez confiants quant au futur des oiseaux si des mesures sont adoptées pour mieux les protéger. Ils préconisent ainsi notamment la constitution d’un périmètre au delà duquel les touristes ne peuvent plus accéder. Les îles Shetland du Sud, archipel le plus visité d’Antarctique, amènent chaque année un grand nombre de visiteurs susceptibles de déranger les oiseaux ou de leur transmettre des maladies. En surveillant de près la population, les scientifiques s’avèrent capables de conseiller les autorités gouvernementales sur les initiatives de protections locales à entreprendre.
Copyright secured by Digiprove © 2018 Jean-Pierre Tholl
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